گلف
با سلام
در این قسمت سعی داریم تاریخچه ی رشته های مختلف ورزشی را بیان کنیم.
تاریخچه گلف
1413 میلادی زمان شروع گلف در اسکاتلند برای شاهزادگان و درباریان بود تا سال 1457 و بعد از سال 1457 بازی کردن گلف ممنوع شد که تا سال 1503 ادامه داشت بعد از سال 46 سال بازی گلف از سرگرفته شد و بعد از این تاریخ بازی گلف همگانی شد.اولین باشگاه گلف جهان درسال 1754 میلادی در سنت اندروزاسکاتلندانگلیس آغاز بکار کرد.درایران گلف ازسال 1924 میلادی شروع شد و تا زمان ملی شدن نفت هیچ ایرانی در باشگاههای گلف کشور عضو نبود بعداز ملی شدن نفت ایرانیها به بازی گلف پرداختند. بازی گلف به دلایل بسیاری پرطرفدارترین بازی در دنیاست. مبتدیان نیز درهر گروه سنی که باشند باندازه پیشکسوتان از این بازی لذت می برند. بازی گلف نیروی فکری و آمادگی جسمانی بازیکن هر دو رامی طلبد و در عین حال که موجب تنوع و تفنن می شود می تواند در شخص احساس دلسردی و یا بالعکس عادت مفرط پدید آورد. بازی گلف در عین حال که می تواند یکی از مشکلترین بازیهای دنیا باشد چنانچه بادر نظرداشتن رموز بهره گیری بهتر از موقعیتهای بازی ؟ می تواند یکی از لذت بخش ترین بازیها باشد. هدف عمومی بازیکنان گلف این است که چطور ضربات با ارزشی را ذخیره و حساب ضربات خود را پائین نگهدارند. چرخش صحیح و چوب گیری خوب اصول بازی موفق می باشند اما یک بازیکن تمام عیار باید دارای چهار خصوصیات باشد:
اول یکنواختی CONSISTENCYدوم خونسردی و آرامش COMPOSUREسوم شعور عمومی COMMON SENSEچهارم تمرکز حواس CONCENTRATIONکه موارد فوق را باید با دید مثبت و افکار خوشبینانه کامل نمود تا اجراء لازم برای بازی نوین گلف رادر دست داشت.یک دور بازی 4 ساعته گلف تقریباً حدود پنج دقیقه آن صرف زدن ضربات به توپ می شود چنانچه بازیکن 5 دقیقه دیگر را هم صرف اعمال معمول پیش از زدن ضربه نماید مجموعاً ده دقیقه خواهد شد که شخص باید در خلال آن به هماهنگی کامل در بازی و در نتیجه بدست آوردن کمترین حساب ضربات نایل شود. در یک دوره چهار ساعته بازی گلف بازیکن با انگیزه بازی گلف حدود 8 کیلومتر پیاده روی می کند.
گلف در ایران
حدود 85 سال پیش همزمان با ورود اتباع خارجی به منظور کشف و استخراج نفت در مناطق نفت خیز جنوب کشور این ورزش نیز وارد ایران شد. تا قبل ازملی شدن صنعت نفت هیچ ایرانی راهی به این بازی نداشت و بازی گلف انحصاراً در دست خارجیان بوده، پس از ملی شدن صنعت نفت علاقمندان ایرانی به این ورزش در نواحی جنوب مانند مسجد سلیمان، آغاجاری، گچساران، اهواز و آبادان با اشتیاق و علاقه هر چه تمامتر به این ورزش روی آوردند بطوریکه در حال حاضر شهرهای اهواز، آبادان، ماهشهر، مسجد سلیمان و دیگر شهرهای استان خوزستان بیشترین علاقمندان و ورزشکاران این رشته را به خود اختصاص داده اند وعموماً کارکنان شرکت نفت این ورزش مفرح و با نشاط را انجام می دهند. به جز نواحی جنوب کشور در هیچ کجای ایران ورزش گلف متداول نبوده ودر تهران نیز این رشته بصورت اختصاصی و در مجموعه ورزشی انقلاب که در سال 1340 تاسیس شده بود توسط خارجیان مقیم تهران که عمدتاً کارکنان سفارتخانه های خارجی بودند انجام می شد. پس از انقلاب شکوهمنداسلامی تمامی علاقمندان بدون هیچگونه محدودیتی بازی گلف را آغاز نمودند و این علاقمندی باعث گردید تا تشکیلات ورزش گلف کشور از اردیبهشت ماه سال 1370 در قالب یک کمیته آغاز بکار نموده و با توسعه فعالیتهای خوددر فاصله کوتاهی رسماً به عنوان فدراسیون گلف جمهوری اسلامی ایران معرفی و در لیست فدراسیونهای رسمی کشور قرار گرفت. این فدراسیون در سال 1996 میلادی به عضویت شورای جهانی گلف درآمد و درسالهای اخیر با کنفدراسیون گلف آسیا و اقیانوسیه نیز مرتبط شده است. در حال حاضر شهرهای تهران، خراسان، قم، اهواز، آبادان، مسجد سلیمان، ماهشهر، اصفهان و شیراز دارای هیئت های ورزشی فعال می باشند و همه ساله مسابقات گوناگونی در سطوح مختلف برگزار می شود.
زمین و تجهیزات گلف
زمین استاندارد گلف داری هجده(18) حفره می باشد فاصله حفره ها از نقطه شروع و از یکدیگر متفاوت بوده و معمولاً بین 100 تا 600 یارد متغیر می باشد که در این فواصل موانع گوناگونی از قبیل موانع آبی و شنزار و چمنزارهای بلند و پرپشت طراحی و گنجانده شده است.
ویژگی های ورزش گلف
1) بازی گلف در فضای باز و عموماً در بین درختان و چمنزارها با پستی و بلندیهای طبیعی انجام می شود که این امر باعث آسایش و آرامش درونی فرد می گردد.
۲) وجود حداکثر اکسیژن و نور طبیعی در محل بازی گلف به ارگانیسم بدن این اجازه رامی دهد که کلیه دستگاههای حیاتی به خوبی انجام وظیفه نموده و در این حالت طبیعتاً قدرت اندیشه و تصمیم گیری به مراتب بیشتر از زمانها و مکانهای دیگر است.
۳) امکان انجام این ورزش از سنین کودکی تا کهنسالی وجود دارد، هر چند که تحرک لازمه جوانی است مع الوصف قابلیت استمرار و تکرار مداوم و آهسته این ورزش آمادگی جسمانی را تا سنین بالا حفظ می نماید.
۴) گلف فعالیتی بسیار مناسب برای کهنسالان می باشد زیرا روند اجرا و انجام این ورزش عاری از حرکات تند وفشارهای نامنظم بر اندامها و عضلات بر خلاف ورزشهای دیگر می باشد.
۵) مسافت طی شده در ورزش گلف حدود هشت کیلومتر با زمان متوسط 3 الی 4 ساعت است که این حجم فعالیت با توجه به زمان آن فعالیتی ایده آل برای افراد مسن می باشد.
۶) طی مسیر در ورزش گلف همراه با انگیزه و هدف است از این رو ورزشکار گلف باز همواره انگیزه ای تازه برای طی مسیر دارد و به همین دلیل احساس خستگی و بی حوصلگی نمی کند.
7) بازی گلف موجب افزایش کیفی دقت و مهارت می شود، بطوریکه پس از زدن ضربه، بازیکن مسیر توپ را ردیابی نموده و نقطه فرود آن را دقیقاً زیر نظر می گیرد، این عامل موجب تقویت زاویه دید، تشخیص دقیق جهت حرکت و قوه بینایی بازیکن می شود.
۸) زدن ضربه مطلوب در ورزش گلف نیاز شدید به هماهنگی عصبی و عضلانی همراه با تمرکز مطلوب دارد.
۹) طی مسیرهای متفاوت و زدن ضربات مختلف در گلف موجب اصلاح ناهنجاریهای ذهنی، پراکندگی فکری و عدم تمرکز موجود در افراد مبتلا به است. به این جهت این ورزش خاصیت درمانی نیز دارد، ضمن اینکه یک گلف باز در نهایت به فردی پر حوصله و با صبر واستقامت تبدیل خواهد شد که از تصمیم گیریهای عجولانه خودداری می نماید و شاید به این دلیل است که ورزش گلف مورد علاقه سیاستمداران و دیپلماتها می باشد.
(۱۰ اصولاً ورزشکاران گلف را داور همراهی نمی کند و قضاوت به عهده ورزشکاران است که این امر موجب گردیده تااصول اخلاقی حاکم بر میادین ورزشی همراه با رعایت حقوق یکدیگر، نزاکت و احترام متقابل و همچنین موجب تقویت حس اعتماد و اطمینان به دیگران شود.
۱۱) شیوه مبارزه یامسابقه در ورزش گلف رو دررو نیست به عبارت دیگر در ورزش گلف بازیکنان در مقابل هم نیستند بلکه در کنار هم و هر فرد صرفاً برای افزایش توانایی خودش تلاش می کند در حقیقت حریفان را با معیار توانایی شخصی و افزایش مهارت می آزمایند نه با غلبه بر دیگران.
۱۲) ورزش گلف یک ورزش خانوادگی محسوب می شود و تمام اعضای خانواده می توانند بدون هیچگونه محدودیتی به تمرین گلف بپردازند زیرا پوشش لباس ورزشکاران این رشته بطور کاملاً مطلوبی می باشد که این موضوع بویژه به منظور توسعه و تعمیم ورزش بانوان که تا حدودی در مکانهای باز ورزشی محدودیت دارند، بسیار ارزنده و قابل توجه است.
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Martin Eden اثر Jack London
با سلام
امروز سومین قسمت از داستان مارتین ادین اثر جک لندن را می خوانیم. در این صورت بخش اول را از این داستان بلند به پایان برده ایم. با توجه به اینکه این داستانی بلند است و شامل 46 بخش می باشد، لذا اگر هر روز بخواهم قسمتی از آن را بگذارم کاریست امکان ناپذیر و طولانی. پس بر آن شدم که کل داستان را که بصورت فایل epub ذخیره شده، و با برنامه FBReader باز می شود، برای کسانی که به خواندن کل داستان علاقه دارند، در اینجا قرار دهم. البته متن داستان تا حدودی مشکل می باشد و کلمات ناآشنای بسیاری که وجود دارد ممکن است خواندن آن را خسته کننده نشان دهد. با این حال برای کسانی که علاقه شان فوق این هاست، پیشنهاد دارم که خود را درگیر کلمات و پیدا کردن معانی آن ها نکنند. از طریق احساس و کلمات کلیدی که در متن وجود دارد، معانی کلمات را حدس بزنید و داستان را بخوانید. و بدانید که خواندن داستان ها بهترین راه تقویت زبان می باشد. البته این روش ما خواهد بود که ابتدا نویسنده ای را معرفی کرده و سپس بخشی از متن یکی از داستان های او را قرار می دهیم تا خوانندگان را تا حدودی با اثر آشنا کنیم تا در صورت تمایل متن کامل آن را که در آخرین قسمت داستان قرار می دهیم دانلود کنند.
ادامه و پایان بخش اول داستان:
Martin Eden
"How long would I have to study before I could go to the university?" he asked.
She beamed encouragement upon his desire for knowledge, and said: "That depends upon how much studying you have already done. You have never attended high school? Of course not. But did you finish grammar school?"
"I had two years to run, when I left," he answered. "But I was always honorably promoted at school."
The next moment, angry with himself for the boast, he had gripped the arms of the chair so savagely that every finger-end was stinging. At the same moment he became aware that a woman was entering the room. He saw the girl leave her chair and trip swiftly across the floor to the newcomer. They kissed each other, and, with arms around each other's waists, they advanced toward him. That must be her mother, he thought. She was a tall, blond woman, slender, and stately, and beautiful. Her gown was what he might expect in such a house. His eyes delighted in the graceful lines of it. She and her dress together reminded him of women on the stage. Then he remembered seeing similar grand ladies and gowns entering the London theatres while he stood and watched and the policemen shoved him back into the drizzle beyond the awning. Next his mind leaped to the Grand Hotel at Yokohama, where, too, from the sidewalk, he had seen grand ladies. Then the city and the harbor of Yokohama, in a thousand pictures, began flashing before his eyes. But he swiftly dismissed the kaleidoscope of memory, oppressed by the urgent need of the present. He knew that he must stand up to be introduced, and he struggled painfully to his feet, where he stood with trousers bagging at the knees, his arms loose- hanging and ludicrous, his face set hard for the impending ordeal.
دانلود داستان مارتین ادین:
http://www.web-books.com/BookInfo.php?BookID=291
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Martin Eden اثر Jack London
با سلام به دوستان
و اینک ادامه داستان :
"You have such a scar on your neck, Mr. Eden," the girl was saying. "How
did it happen? I am sure it must have been some adventure."
"A Mexican with a knife, miss," he answered, moistening his parched lips and clearing hip throat. "It was just a fight. After I got the knife away, he tried to bite off my nose."
Baldly as he had stated it, in his eyes was a rich vision of that hot, starry night at Salina Cruz, the white strip of beach, the lights of the sugar steamers in the harbor, the voices of the drunken sailors in the distance, the jostling stevedores, the flaming passion in the Mexican's face, the glint of the beast-eyes in the starlight, the sting of the steel in his neck, and the rush of blood, the crowd and the cries, the two bodies, his and the Mexican's, locked together, rolling over and over and tearing up the sand, and from away off somewhere the mellow tinkling of a guitar. Such was the picture, and he thrilled to the memory of it, wondering if the man could paint it who had painted the pilot- schooner on the wall. The white beach, the stars, and the lights of the sugar steamers would look great, he thought, and midway on the sand the dark group of figures that surrounded the fighters. The knife occupied a place in the picture, he decided, and would show well, with a sort of gleam, in the light of the stars. But of all this no hint had crept into his speech. "He tried to bite off my nose," he concluded.
"Oh," the girl said, in a faint, far voice, and he noticed the shock in her sensitive face.
He felt a shock himself, and a blush of embarrassment shone faintly on his sunburned cheeks, though to him it burned as hotly as when his cheeks had been exposed to the open furnace-door in the fire- room. Such sordid things as stabbing affrays were evidently not fit subjects for conversation with a lady. People in the books, in her walk of life, did not talk about such things - perhaps they did not know about them, either.
There was a brief pause in the conversation they were trying to get started. Then she asked tentatively about the scar on his cheek. Even as she asked, he realized that she was making an effort to talk his talk, and he resolved to get away from it and talk hers.
"It was just an accident," he said, putting his hand to his cheek. "One night, in a calm, with a heavy sea running, the main-boom-lift carried away, an' next the tackle. The lift was wire, an' it was threshin' around like a snake. The whole watch was tryin' to grab it, an' I rushed in an' got swatted."
"Oh," she said, this time with an accent of comprehension, though secretly his speech had been so much Greek to her and she was wondering what a LIFT was and what SWATTED meant.
"This man Swineburne," he began, attempting to put his plan into execution and pronouncing the I long.
"Who?"
"Swineburne," he repeated, with the same mispronunciation. "The poet."
"Swinburne," she corrected.
"Yes, that's the chap," he stammered, his cheeks hot again. "How long since he died?"
"Why, I haven't heard that he was dead." She looked at him curiously. "Where did you make his acquaintance?"
"I never clapped eyes on him," was the reply. "But I read some of his poetry out of that book there on the table just before you come in. How do you like his poetry?"
And thereat she began to talk quickly and easily upon the subject he had suggested. He felt better, and settled back slightly from the edge of the chair, holding tightly to its arms with his hands, as if it might get away from him and buck him to the floor. He had succeeded in making her talk her talk, and while she rattled on, he strove to follow her, marvelling at all the knowledge that was stowed away in that pretty head of hers, and drinking in the pale beauty of her face. Follow her he did, though bothered by unfamiliar words that fell glibly from her lips and by critical phrases and thought-processes that were foreign to his mind, but that nevertheless stimulated his mind and set it tingling. Here was intellectual life, he thought, and here was beauty, warm and wonderful as he had never dreamed it could be. He forgot himself and stared at her with hungry eyes. Here was something to live for, to win to, to fight for - ay, and die for. The books were true. There were such women in the world. She was one of them. She lent wings to his imagination, and great, luminous canvases spread themselves before him whereon loomed vague, gigantic figures of love and romance, and of heroic deeds for woman's sake - for a pale woman, a flower of gold. And through the swaying, palpitant vision, as through a fairy mirage, he stared at the real woman, sitting there and talking of literature and art. He listened as well, but he stared, unconscious of the fixity of his gaze or of the fact that all that was essentially masculine in his nature was shining in his eyes. But she, who knew little of the world of men, being a woman, was keenly aware of his burning eyes. She had never had men look at her in such fashion, and it embarrassed her. She stumbled and halted in her utterance. The thread of argument slipped from her. He frightened her, and at the same time it was strangely pleasant to be so looked upon. Her training warned her of peril and of wrong, subtle, mysterious, luring; while her instincts rang clarion-voiced through her being, impelling her to hurdle caste and place and gain to this traveller from another world, to this uncouth young fellow with lacerated hands and a line of raw red caused by the unaccustomed linen at his throat, who, all too evidently, was soiled and tainted by ungracious existence. She was clean, and her cleanness revolted; but she was woman, and she was just beginning to learn the paradox of woman.
"As I was saying - what was I saying?" She broke off abruptly and laughed merrily at her predicament.
"You was saying that this man Swinburne failed bein' a great poet because - an' that was as far as you got, miss," he prompted, while to himself he seemed suddenly hungry, and delicious little thrills crawled up and down his spine at the sound of her laughter. Like silver, he thought to himself, like tinkling silver bells; and on the instant, and for an instant, he was transported to a far land, where under pink cherry blossoms, he smoked a cigarette and listened to the bells of the peaked pagoda calling straw-sandalled devotees to worship.
"Yes, thank you," she said. "Swinburne fails, when all is said, because he is, well, indelicate. There are many of his poems that should never be read. Every line of the really great poets is filled with beautiful truth, and calls to all that is high and noble in the human. Not a line of the great poets can be spared without impoverishing the world by that much."
"I thought it was great," he said hesitatingly, "the little I read. I had no idea he was such a - a scoundrel. I guess that crops out in his other books."
"There are many lines that could be spared from the book you were reading," she said, her voice primly firm and dogmatic.
"I must 'a' missed 'em," he announced. "What I read was the real goods. It was all lighted up an' shining, an' it shun right into me an' lighted me up inside, like the sun or a searchlight. That's the way it landed on me, but I guess I ain't up much on poetry, miss."
He broke off lamely. He was confused, painfully conscious of his inarticulateness. He had felt the bigness and glow of life in what he had read, but his speech was inadequate. He could not express what he felt, and to himself he likened himself to a sailor, in a strange ship, on a dark night, groping about in the unfamiliar running rigging. Well, he decided, it was up to him to get acquainted in this new world. He had never seen anything that he couldn't get the hang of when he wanted to and it was about time for him to want to learn to talk the things that were inside of him so that she could understand. SHE was bulking large on his horizon.
"Now Longfellow - " she was saying.
"Yes, I've read 'm," he broke in impulsively, spurred on to exhibit and make the most of his little store of book knowledge, desirous of showing her that he was not wholly a stupid clod. "'The Psalm of Life,' 'Excelsior,' an' . . . I guess that's all."
She nodded her head and smiled, and he felt, somehow, that her smile was tolerant, pitifully tolerant. He was a fool to attempt to make a pretence that way. That Longfellow chap most likely had written countless books of poetry.
"Excuse me, miss, for buttin' in that way. I guess the real facts is that I don't know nothin' much about such things. It ain't in my class. But I'm goin' to make it in my class."
It sounded like a threat. His voice was determined, his eyes were flashing, the lines of his face had grown harsh. And to her it seemed that the angle of his jaw had changed; its pitch had become unpleasantly aggressive. At the same time a wave of intense virility seemed to surge out from him and impinge upon her.
"I think you could make it in - in your class," she finished with a laugh. "You are very strong."
Her gaze rested for a moment on the muscular neck, heavy corded, almost bull-like, bronzed by the sun, spilling over with rugged health and strength. And though he sat there, blushing and humble, again she felt drawn to him. She was surprised by a wanton thought that rushed into her mind. It seemed to her that if she could lay her two hands upon that neck that all its strength and vigor would flow out to her. She was shocked by this thought. It seemed to reveal to her an undreamed depravity in her nature. Besides, strength to her was a gross and brutish thing. Her ideal of masculine beauty had always been slender gracefulness. Yet the thought still persisted. It bewildered her that she should desire to place her hands on that sunburned neck. In truth, she was far from robust, and the need of her body and mind was for strength. But she did not know it. She knew only that no man had ever affected her before as this one had, who shocked her from moment to moment with his awful grammar.
"Yes, I ain't no invalid," he said. "When it comes down to hard- pan, I can digest scrap-iron. But just now I've got dyspepsia. Most of what you was sayin' I can't digest. Never trained that way, you see. I like books and poetry, and what time I've had I've read 'em, but I've never thought about 'em the way you have. That's why I can't talk about 'em. I'm like a navigator adrift on a strange sea without chart or compass. Now I want to get my bearin's. Mebbe you can put me right. How did you learn all this you've ben talkin'?"
"By going to school, I fancy, and by studying," she answered.
"I went to school when I was a kid," he began to object.
"Yes; but I mean high school, and lectures, and the university."
"You've gone to the university?" he demanded in frank amazement. He felt that she had become remoter from him by at least a million miles.
"I'm going there now. I'm taking special courses in English."
He did not know what "English" meant, but he made a mental note of that item of ignorance and passed on.
ادامه دارد...